Elucidating the phytotoxicity thresholds of various biosynthesized nanoparticles on physical and biochemical attributes of cotton

Abstract Background A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the phytotoxic thresholds of zinc oxide (ZnO NPs), iron (FeO copper (Cu and silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) on cotton. All were biosynthesized from Conocarpus erectus L. leaf extract. They characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Five concentrations (0, 25, 50, 75, 100 ppm) all foliar applied thrice over duration cotton growth. seeds sown in 5 kg soil harvested after 6 weeks. SPAD values evaluated before harvesting while physical growth parameters, physiological parameters biochemical, oxidative stress measured harvesting. Results The value except stress, increased 13–47% response ZnO NPs application up ppm. However, threshold only 50 ppm as plant 7.9–24.3%. Above biomass decreased 6.7–16.2%. Silver showed maximum (3.7 9.12% increased) at 25 concentration. At higher than ppm, Ag due toxicity. Foliar different range for crop. Threshold whereas, it nanoparticles. Since continued increasing till its concentration used i.e., we cannot say that this is value. Conclusion On basis obtained results, can be concluded should within avoid adverse effects crops. Application optimum concentration, antioxidant system. Graphical